480. How Much Does Discrimination Hurt the Economy? (Replay)

480.歧视对经济造成了多大伤害?(重播)

Freakonomics Radio

社会与文化

2023-11-09

57 分钟
PDF

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Evidence from Nazi Germany and 1940’s America (and pretty much everywhere else) shows that discrimination is incredibly costly — to the victims, of course, but also the perpetrators. One modern solution is to invoke a diversity mandate. But new research shows that’s not necessarily the answer.

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  • There is a saying I've heard in many forms in many places over the years.

  • Maya Angelou used to say, when someone shows you who they are, believe them.

  • There's another version that goes like, if there is a crowd in the street shouting that they want to kill you, you should take them seriously.

  • There are parts of the world where crowds gather to shout, death to the Jews.

  • We should believe them.

  • The latest evidence.

  • On October 7, thousands of Hamas fighters, having been trained in Iran, financed by Hamas leadership in Qatar, and positioned in Gaza, crossed the israeli border and killed some 1400 Jews with a level of barbarism that hardly seems believable in the 21st century.

  • The details are too, too grotesque to keep repeating.

  • One Hamas attacker phoned his mother from the site.

  • Your son killed Jews.

  • He said, mom, your son is a hero.

  • They also kidnapped Jews, more than 200, and took them back to Gaza.

  • They had apparently been promised a bounty of $10,000 and an apartment for each jew they kidnapped.

  • Since that day, every Israeli, every jew in the world has been forced into grief and at the same time, forced to reckon with an ancient reality.

  • Antisemitism is one of the oldest and most lasting hatreds in the world.

  • It is far from the only hatred of its kind.

  • The economist Ed Glaser once wrote a paper called the political economy of hatred.

  • He was trying to understand, as he put it, anti black hatred in the US south, anti semitism in Europe, and anti Americanism in the arab world.

  • Where does all this hatred come from?

  • Not, Glaser argues, from any actual familiarity or interaction with the target of the hatred.