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This is fresh air.
I'm Dave Davies.
For nearly 80 years, humankind has lived with the threat of nuclear weapons now in the hands of nine countries.
But in all those decades, only one nation has used nuclear weapons in an armed conflict.
That was the United States, which dropped atomic bombs on the japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 19 45, 79 years ago this week, killing as many as 200,000 people.
Historians have long debated whether that carnage was necessary to compel Japan to surrender and end World War two.
In the summer of 1945, Germany had surrendered to the Allies, while Japan, largely defeated, was defiant and still capable of inflicting horrific casualties on any force that might try and invade the japanese mainland.
Today, were going to listen to my interview with Evan Thomas, whose book examines the thoughts and motivations of key players in the us military and government and in japans ruling elite in the closing months of the war.
It's a story of american leaders wrestling with the practical and moral dilemmas presented by the most terrifying weapon ever made, and of determined japanese leaders confronting the humiliating prospect of defeat and the removal of the country's emperor, seen by most Japanese as ruling by divine right.
Evan Thomas was a writer, correspondent and editor for 33 years at time and Newsweek.
He's the author of ten previous books.
His latest, the road to surrender, three men and the countdown to the end of World War two, is now out in paperback.
I spoke to him last year when it was first published.
Evan Thomas, welcome back to Fresh Air.
Hi Dave.
Let's go back to the summer of 1945.